FINAL SUMMARY OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING ,, ( CALL)

INTRODUCTION OF CALL

A. Definition of CALL.

CALL is the acronym for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. A language learning activity involving a word processor, email program or web search engine like Google would represent tool uses, where the computer has no overt teaching function.

Although, as we will see below, the fields of significant parts of it sometimes go by other names, CALL seems to be the most widely accepted generic term. Call began in the 1960s with mainframe-based drill and practice materials, especially those based on the University of Illionis’ PLATO system. It remained an significant alternative for language learning outside of a few universities until the spread of the microcomputer into educational settings in the early 1980s. Early programs were written by teacher-developers on Apple II, IBM PC, and BBC computers, and were often distributed for free. Commercial programs technically sophisticated (though not as innovative). There were some work done with interactive laser disks during this time which provided the foundations for multimedia. The traditional language labs began to be replaced with dedicated computer labs for language learning, a trend that continues today.

There are eight scopes of call, they are:

1. As researcher: into second language acquisition, human-computer interaction, what works for call.

2. As consumers of call software for class use or building web activities into course work

3. As directors, helping students fine and use supplementary call materials or web resources

4. As managers of computer-mediated communication among learners in and out of class

5. As software or web developers, either “from scratch” or adding new materials to existing templates

6. As coaches to help students develop software, websites, and general computer literacy

7. As CALL experts for your program, helping other teachers and administrators, with CALL Implementations

8. As CALL professionals, consulting on external projects, doing software reviews for journals, making conference presentations, writing papers, interpreting and applying CALL research, and/or, providing input to the field of large.

B. Acronym and attitudes

Some acronym of CALL:

· CALL – Computer-Assisted language learning, sometimes expanded as computer aided language learning

· CELL – Computer-Enhanced language learning: suggests the computer’s role is to make learning better

· TELL – Technology-Enhanced language learning: this accommodates more than just computers,

· TALL – Technology-Assisted language learning: variant of CALL and TELL

· CALI – Computer-Assisted language instruction: with instruction in it, it’s more teaching oriented

· IT and ICT-Information Technology/Information and Communication Technologies are common acronyms outside of language teaching, particularly in Europe; sometimes this is presented as IT or ICT for LT (Language Teaching)

THREE PHASE OF CALL

Behavioristic CALL

The first phase of CALL, Programs of this phase entailed repetitive language drills and can be referred to as "drill and practice" (or, more pejoratively, as "drill and kill").

Communicative CALL

The second phase of CALL was based on the communicative approach to teaching which became prominent in the 1970s and 80s. Proponents of this approach felt that the drill and practice programs of the previous decade did not allow enough authentic communication to be of much value.

Integrated CALL

Integrated approaches to CALL are based on two important technological developments of the last decade-multimedia computer and the internet

Courseware Evaluation, Development, and Implementation. It introduces the term courseware, which refers to software that is used to support formal language learning. In practice, courseware has been used to refer to everything from complete software packages that can be used without a teacher to software that is just a part of a language learning course, sometimes a minor or optional supplementary part.

THE THREE OF MODULES, THEY ARE

Development Module

Courseware development refers to the process of going from the idea of creating a piece of tutorial software through the final product. It should be informed by general principles of instructional design

Evaluation Module.

Evaluation involves three kinds of considerations. A crucial aspect is to understand what the courseware does first before attempting to judge it:

Implementation Module

module Implementation considerations are relevant during the evaluation process, but they become crucial when deciding how best to use software that is available.

omputer mediated communication. Cmc ( computer mediated communication ) computers are a means through which teachers communicate with learners, learners communicate with one another and learners may even communicate with native speakers. That communication takes place through variations in the following elements : timing (synchronous or asynchronous), number and patterning of participant ( one to one, one to many, or many to many), and medium *text, voice, or video).

Text-based cmc

due to both the history of technology development and the ease of text use, most cmc has been done using the medium of text. We will look at the text uses both for their own value and as a vehicle for introducing concepts relevant to audio and video-based cmc. There are two kinds of text, they are :

- asynchronous text. The first use of cmc in language teaching almost certainly came through email exchanges from teachers to students within classes. Email is an example of asynchronous communication, in that the interaction is not in real time. With email teachers can receive homework from students and give responses to it. Students can communicate with another to practice using the language. There are a number of sites that provide services for linking up such as interpals (www.interpals.net) and a popular one for esl learners is dave’s esl cafe (www.eslcafe.com/students). Students can log into existing discussion lists specially for teachers.

- synchronous text. With synchronous text, or chat, the messages are exchange in text form, ut in real time. Some of the early research on cmc was built around a type of chat program, interchange. Chat rooms are easily found on the web through portals like yahoo, chat rooms for english language learners available at sites such as dave’s esl cafe and englishbaby (www.englishbaby.com).

Audio / video cmc

asynchronous audio. Like text, audio or video interaction can be either asynchronous or synchronous. One example of asynchronous voice interaction would be the voicemail services, using this the setudents with voice-enabled computers can leave messages for one another. An excellent free resource for doing such recordings is audicity (http://audicity.sourceforge.net/) for both pcs and macs.

asynchronous video. This area has not been as well-developed, due partly to the bandwidth requirements for using video. While there are many sites for sharing video (most notably www.youtube.com).

A. Definition of WEB?

Web is a system in internet which it is impossible to anyone so that they can provide information. And anyone can access it freely, whenever and wherever you are.

B. There some disadvantage of the Web

· Text-based material on the web is sometimes not as easy to read as material in paper format because of font color and background choices.

· Sound and video sometimes take a noticeable time to transfer, even on fast connections.

· Down servers or broken links may lead to frustration.

· The sheer amount of material can make it hard to find what you want, though developing skill with a search engine like Google (www.google.com) is certainly a great help

· The web is dynamic and often as unpredictable as the humans behind it.

C. Advantages of the web

· There is anytime, anywhere access

· There are enormous of free material

· Material can be found that is current

· Language reference and other learning support materials can be found

· Student and teacher publication opportunities exist

D. What is the meaning of WBLL?

WBLL is acronym of Web-based Learning Language. It is a language learning that involves the using of Web and use Web material, source, application and tool.

E. There are three activities in WBLL

· Pre-created Web activities adopting interactive language exercises that have been already created by others and are easily accessible on the Web.

· Task-based Web activities making use of a variety of authentic Web resources for communication, information collections, problem solving task, etc.

· Teacher-made Web activities employing tailor made language exercise modified by classroom teachers themselves for their own students.

Skill oriented language teaching remains a common approach for classes as well as for self –learning and computer assisted language learning is no exception. In this unit, we look at how both tool and tutor software can be used to support specific skills.

A. ESL Portals

Because of the enormous number of English teachers and learners, there are quite a few multi-skill collections for ESL. Collections for other commonly taught language can be found in a similar way. One type of collection is a portal, which is a website that has a large number of links to other websites.

B. Listening

Listening is potentially one of the most promising areas for CALL development. This is because multimedia computing has everything standard audio and video have with the addition for a variety of meaning technologies such as text support, hyperlink glossaries, and even translations. Listening activities typically involve presentations, followed by comprehension questions some also include full or partial dictations.

Examples of course website for two of my recent listening classes are at www.stanford.edu/~efs/693a/ andwww.stanford.edu/~efs/efs693b/.

C. Speaking

In terms of direct practice of speaking, recent developments on the web have allowed for voice chat sites which make it possible for learners and teachers to through the internet in distance education courses. Asynchronous speaking practice is possible through www.wimba.com using internet voice mail, or simply attaching sound files to email. The most widely used indirect method for practicing speaking is simply to listen to conversational dialogues on disk or the web, see for example,www.focusenglish.com/dialogues/conversation.html.

D. Writing

Writing was revolutionized for everyone with word processing, and the addition of spell checkers has been quite helpful. Some other ways computers enhance writing instruction include the following.

· Use of email and discussion boards for fluency development

· Online writing resources such as http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/index.html and tutorials, likewww.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing.xml

· Collaborative writing tasks. These are made easier today with tools such us an online word processor now available for free from Google: http://does.google.com

· Writing support practice (e.g., CALL activities with fill-ins for structured writing )

· Publication opportunities as motivators. See Tom Robb’s classic descriptionof an early web publishing project at www.cc.kyotosu.ac.ip/~trobb/projects.html.

E. Grammar

Grammar practice was perhaps the earliest use of CALL. Today grammar work is largely focused on the following:

· Workbook-style exercise (on disk and online): online examples can be seen at www.grammar-quizzes.com/.

· Grammar test prep materials (especially TOEFL www.toefl.com and TOEIC http://www.toeic.com)

· CD-ROOMs accompanying grammar textbooks, like Focus on grammar atwww.pearsonlongman.com/ae/multinedia/program/fog.htm

· online courses and references online English grammar, http://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/index.efm

· grammar portals such as www.esltower.com/

F. pronunciation

Pronunciation work is generally of three types.

· Listen, repeat/record, and compare. This option shows up in many multimedia programs and is analogous to the tape-based language lab technique in the audio lingual method. See: http://international.one.be./pronunciation/dialog01.htm

· Visualization: wave form, pitch contour, spectrogram. The first and last are of questionable value.

· ASR (automatic speech recognition) scoring. Here, the computer uses speech recognition software to grade accuracy. ASR and other is also used in Rosetta Stone. http://www.rosettastone.com.

There are also some useful sites with pronunciation support: one example ishttp://international.oue.be.ca/pronunciation/.

G. Vocabulary

Vocabulary activities have been around since the early days of CALL in the form of electronic flashcard. Other common CALL implementations for vocabulary include the following.

· Hypertext dictionaries/glossaries. Babylon (www.babylon.com) is a commercial memory-resident dictionary system that runs in the background on your computer.

· Talking dictionaries: Longman, Oxford and Newbury House have learner’s dictionary with CD-ROMs that include pronunciation and sometimes other multimedia support.

· Concordance programs: these programs look for words in collections of texts,

· Picture dictionaries: http://www.pdictionary.com/ has a picture dictionary for English, Spanish, French, German and Italian.

Skills-oriented language teaching remains a common approach for classes as well as for self-learning, and computer-assisted language learning is not exception. In this unit, we look at how both tool and tutor software can be used to support specific skills. In particular, we will look at some websites that focus on these skill areas.

There are some skill areas for call, they are :

1. Listening

Listening is potentially one of the most promising areas for call development. This is because multimedia computing has everything standard audio and video have with the addition of variety of meaning technologies such as text support, hyperlinked glossaries, and even translation. One type of presentation specific to call is the punctuated presentation, in which the flow is interrupted at intervals to ask question along the way. Examples of course website for two of my recent listening classes are at www.standford.edu/`efs/693a andwww.standford.edu/`efs/efs693b/. And useful dedicated esl listening sites : they are www.esl-lab.com, www.ello.org, andwww.lingual.net.

2. Speaking

In terms of direct practice of speaking, recent developments on the web have allowed for voice chat sites which make it possible for learners and teachers to interact through the internet in distance education courses. Asynchronous speaking practice is possible through www.wimba.com, using internet voice mail, or simply attaching sound files to email.

3. Reading

In the early days of call, reading software was designed to improve skills in order to transfer them to paper materials. Here some other ways call can be used to support reading : just using the web, educational sites with esl or adult literacy support, text reconstruction activities, such as storyboard, cloze exercises and jigsaw readings, timed or paced readings to develop speed, for example,www.readingsoft.com/. Online graded readers such as those at www.eslreading.org/.

4. Writing

Writing was revolutionized for everyone with word processing, and the addition of spell checkers has been quite helpful. Grammar and style checkers are much less useful to date. Writing has also been a common skill taught as a course through distance education using in the internet. Writing publication opportunities are ready available through wikis and blogs.

5. Grammar

Grammar practice was perhaps the earliest use of call. Today grammar work is largely focused on the following : workbook-style exercises at www.grammar-quizzes.com/, grammar test prep materials especially toefl at www.toefl.com, online courses and references athttp://www.edunet.com/english/grammar/index.cfm, and grammar portals such as www.esltower.com/.

6. Pronounciation

Pronounciation work is generally of three types :

· listen, repeat/record, and compare.

· visualization ; wave form, pitch contour, spectogram.

· asr (automatic speech recognition) scoring.

7. Vocabulary

Other common call implementations for vocabulary include the following.

· hypertext dictionaries/glossaries. Babylon (www.babylon.com) is a commercial memory-resident dictionary system that runs in the background on your computer.

· talking dictionaries : longman, oxford, and newbury house have learner’s dictionaries.

· concordance programs.

· picture dictionaries : http://www.pdictionary.com/ has a picture dictionary for english, spanish, french, german, and italian.

· word lists and vocabulary tests for english.

An outstanding site for vocabulary teaching and research tools is tom cobb’s compleat lexical tutor : http://www.lextutor.ca/.

8. Culture

Obviously, this is a huge area for foreign language teaching, where authentic cultural material is readily accessible through the web. There are many ways to use the authentic material found on websites to support cultural learning. At you tube,http://www.youtube.com.

In this unit explain to us about CALL Research. Teaching language using computers in some way makes learning "better." But what exactly is "better?" Here are some possible interpretations:

· learners pick up language knowledge or skills faster or with less effort (learning efficiency)

learCALL Learner Training. let's consider three alternatives to CALL learner training :

· To try to build software in such a way that it adapts to the learner on a number of different levels: language proficiency, computer proficiency, learning style, topical interest, motivational type and intensity, and so on.

· To take the philosophical position that learners have a right to self-discovery and that left alone they will naturally move to the strategies that work for them and that are consonant with their learning style.

· To acknowledge that learners would profit from training but that it's just too much trouble to train them since it obviously takes a lot of time away from other aspects of language learning and there's no guarantee it will be successful.

PEDAGOGICAL TRAINING

· Experience CALL yourself. Try a piece of CALL software (like Rosetta Stone) for a language you don't know, or visit a chatroom for a language you are not fluent in

· Give learners teacher training. Let them know some of what you know if they are to become more independent. Help them develop a "language learning approach" that is consistent with what you consider a valid language teaching approach.

· Use a cyclical approach. Teach a bit at a time. Don't just have a training session at the beginning and think your job is done. If anything, let learners "play" awhile with the application so that they have some familiarity with it before formal training begins.

· Use collaborative debriefings. Get learners to discuss their experiences, successes and failures with the CALL tasks and software in pairs or small groups

· Teach general exploitation strategies.Show learners ways to use software to make it easier if it's too hard and harder if it's too easy, as well as how to mine the material for uses different from those intended by the developer.

· ners pick up what is targeted, retain language knowledge or skills longer, and/or learn more of what they need (effectiveness)

· learners can get materials or experience interactions that would otherwise be difficult or impossible (access)

· learners can learn with more or less equal effectiveness across a wider range of times/places (convenience)

· learners enjoy the language learning process more or are willing to engage in it more (motivation)

· learners require less space, less teacher time, or less expensive materials (institutional efficiency)

ws rendra pun hadir

Sering kali aku berkata,
ketika orang memuji milikku,
bahwa sesungguhnya ini hanya titipan,
bahwa mobilku hanya titipan-Nya,
bahwa rumahku hanya titipan-Nya,
bahwa hartaku hanya titipan-Nya,
bahwa anakku hanya titipan-Nya,

tetapi,

mengapa aku tak pernah bertanya,
mengapa Dia menitipkannya padaku?
untuk apa Dia menitipkan ini padaku?
dan kalau bukan milikku,
apa yang harus kulakukan
untuk milik-Nya ini?

adakah aku memiliki hak atas
sesuatu yang bukan milikku?
mengapa hatiku justru terasa berat,
ketika titipan
itu diminta kembali oleh-Nya ?

Ketika diminta kembali,
kusebut itu sebagai musibah,
kusebut itu sebagai ujian,
kusebut itu sebagai petaka,
kusebut dengan panggilan apa saja
untuk melukiskan bahwa itu adalah “derita”.

ketika aku berdoa,
kuminta titipan yang cocok
dengan hawa nafsuku,
aku ingin lebih banyak harta,
ingin lebih banyak mobil,
lebih banyak rumah,
lebih banyak popularitas, dan kutolak sakit,
kutolak kemiskinan,

Seolah .

semua “derita” adalah hukuman bagiku.

Seolah .

keadilan dan kasih-Nya harus
berjalan seperti matematika

aku rajin beribadah,
maka selayaknyalah derita menjauh dariku,
dan Nikmat dunia kerap menghampiriku.
kuperlakukan Dia seolah mitra dagang,
dan bukan Kekasih.

kuminta Dia membalas “perlakuan baikku”,
dan menolak keputusan-Nya yang tak
sesuai keinginanku,

Gusti,
padahal tiap hari kuucapkan,
hidup dan matiku hanyalah untuk beribadah.
“ketika langit dan bumi bersatu,
bencana dan keberuntungan sama saja”

(WS Rendra)

like no other ... mom and dad

Fathers hold you when you have bad dreams
And they comfort you when all is lost it seems.
Fathers teach you to dribble a basketball and shoot a free throw
And they lead you as you grow.


Fathers wipe the tears of your broken heart
And they hold your hand when you don't know how to start.

Fathers carry you on their shoulders when you're too small to see
And they watch as you giggle when they bounce you on their knee.
Fathers extend their feet to you when they teach you how to dance
And they always give you a second chance.
Fathers wait in the wings while you start your own life
And they pray for a husband to make you a wife.
Fathers walk you down the aisle on your wedding day
But fathers never really give their little girls away. hiksssssssss,, i aint gonna feel like this ...................

A Fathers Love is in the Poem Written
To 'A Friend or Daughter,'
In the Special Words That Come Only From a Father...

A Fathers Love is Faith in His Family
High Hopes and Dreams, And Pleasure in Doing
'What Ever It Takes'...

Fathers…
Are faithfull, strong and true,
Providing for our needs;
They give us words of truth,
Imparting wisdom's seeds.

Fathers…
Are God's special people,
Showing His image true;
They love to hear the words,
Saying; 'Dad, I love you.”

For you my sweet angel I would die
I'd pick all the stars from the sky
And give them all just for you
To let you know how much I love you

My angel I'll love you thru all eternity
I would do anything for you sweetie
I wrote this poem from my heart
To let you know your my sweetheart

Please stay with me forever
Take my hand and lets be together
Lets fly up to the heavens above
And show everyone we are in love

The Mother That Loves
The Mother That Cares
The Mother That Helps
The Mother That Worries
The Mother That's With You Through It All
The Mother That Raised You To Be Who ANd What You Are
The Mother That Encourages You
The Mother That Works Hard For You
The Mother That Sacrifices
The Mother That Is Here Only For You
The Mother That Has Lived All These Years For You
The Mother That Is Surviving Only For You
The Mother That Is Here
The Mother That Is There, For, This Mother Is Everywhere
The Mother That Is Kind
The Mother That Is Warm-Hearted
The Mother That Is Super-Women
The Mother Of All Mother's...

Mother the biggest gift of Allah to us
Mother the candle burn herself to light our life
Mother the other name of kindness
Mother who hold us nine month and suffer
Mother who feed us from her blood and milk
Mother stays sleepless all the nights holding us
Mother teach us how to walk and talk
Mother guides us and secures us
Mother loves us from start to end
Mother is mother no one can take her place

This Is Dedecated To My Mother

always on my prayer

I know that my life is still a lot of shortcomings, the evidence ,,I still gasped when he criticized me about my clothes, but I pray unceasingly to what I wear, in fact there are still shortcomings..... hhmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm ... ....

Oh GOD ... guided slaves with what I wear ,, until I could not plunge into it,things that invite your wrath.

Once, when I was in high school, until the first half in this university, clothing is the most I preferred,

In the evening I was always busy about "what clothes I would wear in the next day" with a stylish, youth modern Muslim apparently somewhat distorted, which hangs to the knee skirt and jilbab decorated, hahaha…. so it can be said to be covering the body but it just cover my head, I realized of it ....

Rabbi forgive me….. where my heart always leads to more and more things that get me away from U

. When was the last time I realized that,what I had done,there is GOD, who are monitoring it from there, the earth which is I stand, and I just figure a way with the smug, I’m only the bad person, smiling with my chin that looked upward,

astagfirullahalaziim ...

And then he was coming, as an angel of god, always spoke to me directly, the style that made me not only able to become pretty bad in the eyes of GOD…

wake me up of the dark side of my life , open my eyes to realize, what important our life to be fixed and changed.

Makeup,do nothing, lazy, modernization, trendy ….. will only make me fool ,useless, the pleasures in this world will only drop me deeper and misled in terms of an uncertain,

Now .... Please. Carry me out of all useless thing.let me istqamah in living up to everything of my new colourfull life..

Keep me up from I used to be… for the sake of perfecting myself to achieve my real life ,rabbi ...

to Love you intact ... ... ... .. until the rest of my life . amin …

najdah

paling mutakhir ...

jaman skarang anak muda sudah gak jelas smua deh ,,,'
(termasuk ane kali')

padahal smuanya dah punya otak buat berpikir , berbuat dan bertingkah laku ehhh sama saja deh kayaknya ... entahlah ...
saat terakhir kali melihat hatiku miris skali ,,, mlihat anak muda yang suka kebut2tan yang mrasa dirinya punya nyawa lebih dari sua n gak sayang ama dirinya .

anak muda yang hanya bisa menghabiskan uang orang tua , dipikirannya hanya sbgai sifat aplikasi dari si "konsumtif"

anak muda yang hanya tau happy happy, nongkrong, apalagi yang islam ,
hanya buang2 waktunya dengan hal; yang mrekapun tak tau tujuan kdpannya apa ...
maunya yang muda yah yang berkayra,, hehe'
yang muda yang mulai mlukis masa depannya kayak gimana .
kan anak muda tuh pada kuat ,,, maunya disempatin juga dong ke masjid, pgajian , buat bakti sosial tuh kan cakepp ...'
mnoreh prestasi sebesar2nya ...

aku ingat kmren lagi upacara disalah satu sekolah dimakassar ,,
hebat deh kpala skolahnya ,,, aku kagum ...
katanya bgni :

" anak yang pintar tuh dah biasa : yang luar biasa tuhh anak yang " pintar trus punya akhlak yang bagus pula " itulah nilai plusnya ... btapa pnting anak2 menjunjung tinggi nilai budi pekerti mereka,, karna anak yang nakal sama saja dengan " mencoreng nama kluarganya" wauuwwww ...
hebat .... aku baru sadar sepenuhnya ,,, prbuatan yang biasa dianggap kecil karna cuman nakal kecil2an istilahnya, bisa dinamakan juga mencoreng nama le;uarga ,,, nah buat mereka yang sayang sama mama papahnya pasti ada batas yang akan mereka ambil sbagai patokan mrka dalam bertingkah laku dengan sekitarnya kedepannya ,,,
hmmmmm................ scara pribadi ini juag mrupakan pmblajaran yang hebat buatku sndri'.

anak muda harus punya pegangan yang jelas hingga nanti gak hilang arah dan perlahan menenggelamkannya kedalam hal hal yang akan membuatnya goyah akan meraih impiannya ,
buakanka kebahagiaan dan kebanggaan keluarga dan orang sekitar merupakan hal utama ,,, lalu ??? apa tindak lanjut kalian akan hal itu < dan kemudian diakhirat nanti bagaimana tanggung jawab kita akan semuanya >???

bukanka telah jelas yang telah ditetapkan oleh Allah dalam Alquran dan hadis rasulullah ..
dimana amalan yang mencerminkan kita untuk berada slalu dijalan Allah ,, melakukan seluruh perbuatan yang Dicintainya ,,, tidak usah muluk muluk ..
yang jelas kita hanya menunjukkan bagaimana cinta kalian kpadaNya ..
bergaul tak dilarang ,,, saling berkasih sayanglah tapiiii ingat batas sewajarnya dalam islam bagaimanaaa.... dan kalau lagi nongkrong jangan sampe lupa kalo sudah waktu shalat ...
ingat saja .... shalat kalianlah yang akan bantu kalian nanti saat smua bantuan trasa hilang ....
mudah2an smuanya dapat berberkah ,,, inilah tmuan mutakhir yang slalu ada buat umat islam ...
yaa ARhamarrahimiin ...... 3x farrij Alal muslimin ....